Spouse: Living. Children were: Living, Living, Living, Living, Living, Living.

Spouse: Living. Children were: Living, Living, Living, Living, Living.

Spouse: Robert James CARR-172. Elizabeth Jane "Bessie" MURPHY (CARR) and Robert James CARR were married on 22 April 1887 in Roma Qld.¹⁸⁷ Children were: Mary Jane CARR (EDWARDS) Jr-1022, Bessie Josephine CARR (DILLON)-1023, Lilian Daisy "Lily" CARR (TASSELL)-1024, Maud Annie CARR (COOK)-1025, Maggie May "Margaret" CARR (FINLEY)-1026.

Spouse: Joan STACE ( MURRIE) ( KIDD )-5243. Children were: Living, Living.

Spouse: Hugh Charles SANDFORD-4872. Margaret NEE UNKNOWN (SANDFORD) and Hugh Charles SANDFORD were married about 1910. Children were: Margaret SANDFORD-4911.

Spouse: Marion WESTLAND (NEILSON)-904. Marion WESTLAND (NEILSON) and James Beaumont NEILSON were married on 26 November 1836. Children were: Mary NEILSON (NOLAN)-189.

Spouse: Patrick Michael NOLAN-43. Mary NEILSON (NOLAN) and Patrick Michael NOLAN were married on 24 March 1887 in Bendigo Vic - then known as Sandhurst - St Andrew's Manse. Children were: Hubert Westland NOLAN-190, Marion Elizabeth NOLAN-191, Alfred (Twin) NOLAN-192, Harry (Twin) NOLAN-193.

Spouse: May Victoria SANDFORD(NEWMAN) (HARDWARE)-4879. May Victoria SANDFORD(NEWMAN) (HARDWARE) and Unknown NEWMAN were married in 1922 in unknown place.²⁴ They had at least one child (female) who married a Wakefield.

Spouse: John VAUGHAN-1573. Rachel Grace NICHOLL (VAUGHAN) and John VAUGHAN were married. Children were: Mary Nancy VAUGHAN (WHITE)-1570.

In the Melbourne Leader of Aug 16th, in the page headed "The Child? ren's Column/' appears chapter i of a child's story entitled "THe Adven- tures of Alice and Kitty," written ly Mrs J. H. Niemann. The s ory op<.ns with the sailing of the Niemann family from Victoria for the Territory many years ago and their subsequent perilous adventure on their voyage from Darwin to the Victoria Rîver in the lugger Midge, when they were carried by the restless tidal currents on a treacherous series of sandbanks that held them 'prisoners for many weeks. Their supply of food and fresh water-taken in quantity only sufficient to meet the requirements of a brief voyage- became exhausted, and they were compelled - to subsist on rats, fish and young sharks caught over 'the side", whilst one ingénioous member of the party contrived, from the scanty .materials at command, an apparatus to convert salt water into fresh. Eventually the boat succeeded in breaking free from her dangerous environment and returning to Darwin, where the whole party were welcomed as people back from the dead as a search party, having failed to find any indication of their whereabouts, and the conclusion' having been arrived at that the boat and all persons on board had been lost. In the subsequent (years spent by ^the* Niemann family on the Daly River; "where their «two girl children grew " -into voung womanhood with littlle society other than that of the abori ginal inhabitants and that, of an oc casional loneJy prospector or stray visi- tor-and where the giris becàme» expert linguists in half a dozen different tribal dialects- should provide Mrs Niemann with ample material for a very interesting yarn In the first instalments of the story printed the party have Just started on their voyage in the Midge At least one merit i of this tale will be that all the incidents contained therein will probably. be literally true, and we wish brave Mrs J. H. Niemann every success in her new sphere-as an authoress- -* Parents: .

Spouse: John Henry "Harry" NIEMANN-96. Mary NICOLSON (NIEMANN) and John Henry "Harry" NIEMANN were married in 1896 in Armadale Vic..¹²⁰⁸ They¹²⁰⁸ lived in Northern Territory - Victoria River Station in 1896. Victoria River Downs (VRD)
The Big Run
On 12 September 1819, Philip Parker King discovered the mouth of the Victoria River. Twenty years later, in 1839, Captain J. C. Wickham arrived at the same spot in the HMS Beagle. Crew members of the Beagle followed the river upstream into the interior for more than 200 kilometres.

In August 1854, Augustus Charles Gregory, assistant surveyor in Western Australia, was appointed leader of the North Australian Expedition. When they set off in 1855 from Moreton Bay it would be more than a year before they returned safe and well to Brisbane. They explored large areas of the Victoria River catchment area and went as far as 500 kilometres south to the edge of the Great Sandy Desert. The expedition was a great success and once and for all proved that there was no inland sea but plenty of land suitable for pastoral development.

Members of the expedition were his brother H.C. Gregory, Dr (Sir) Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, botanist, J.R. Elsey, surgeon, J.S. Wilson, geologist, J. Baines, artist and storekeeper, J. Flood, J. Fahey, H. Richards, G. Phibbs, C. Humphries, R. Bowman, C. Dean, J. Melville, W. Shewell, W. Dawson, W. Selby and S. MacDonald.

Some considered the country good enough to establish a tropical State, called Albert, after Queen Victoria's husband, with its capital on the Victoria River. However in 1863 the Northern Territory was annexed by South Australia. One early visitor to the region was Rev Julian Edmund Tenison Woods who travelled south from Darwin and called the river the Australian River Nile. Another well known visitor was John Flynn. In 1895, as a fifteen year old, he experienced first hand the rugged conditions of the outback when he was marooned for a month on a sandbar in the Victoria River.

Among some of the first to take out leases in the district were Charles Brown Fisher, born in London on 25 September 1817 and Maurice Lyons, a Melbourne Magistrate. Fisher was the second son of James Hurtle Fisher and had by 1875 become one of the wealthiest men in Australia. Together they stocked Victoria River Downs in the early 1880s. Most of the stock was overlanded by Nathaniel Buchanan who set out from Wilmot in 1881 with 20,000 head of cattle.

Buchanan had been, and still was, associated with the opening up and stocking of several stations in the Victoria River district and the Ord River region. Born in Ireland in 1826, he arrived in New South Wales with his father in 1832. He later conducted several exploring expeditions in Northern Australia with William Landsborough. In 1896 he assisted L.A. Wells to find his cousin Charles who had perished during the Calvert Expedition.

Fisher and Lyons also appointed Lindsay Crawford as manager. Crawford had been one of Charles Todd's men on the Overland Telegraph construction team and telegraph operator at Daly Waters. After many initial difficulties, and almost financial ruin Fisher was able to profit from his hard work and investment before the station was sold to Goldsbrough Mort & Co.

With white population slowly increasing in and around the district and an Aboriginal population of some 4000, Mounted Constable Willshire, formerly of the Central Australian Police Corps was stationed at Gordon Creek in 1894 to maintain law and order. This really meant keeping the Aborigines 'in line' on what would become Australia's largest pastoral property and cattle station in the world.

After Lindsay Crawford's resignation in 1894, Goldsborough appointed Jack Watson from neighbouring Auvergne station as the new manager. During his time the station consisted of 21,000 square kilometres and had 30,000 cattle and some 500 working horses. Watson died on 1 April 1896 while swimming stock across the Katherine River. He was replaced by his brother Robert. When Robert and his family arrived, his wife became the first white woman to live on the station.

On 30 January 1900, the station was sold to a syndicate made up of Sidney Kidman, Alexander Forrest and Isadore Emanuel who appointed Denis James Ronan as manager. He was later replaced by Richard Townsend. Alf Martin took over in 1926 and became its longest serving manager from 1926 until 1945.

During his years at the station he had many visitors among them the Governor of South Australia, Sir George Le Hunte in 1905 and Larry Wells, who surveyed the district in 1907. Other frequent visitors were Mick Madrill, who started a mail run, Randell Stafford and Harry Peckham, much better known as 'The Fizzer' from the book We of the Never Never.

Born in February 1872 in Adelaide, Peckham worked as a stockman at Renner Springs before he secured a mail contract in 1902. He obtained the mail contract for VRD in November 1907. He became well known and liked by every body in the remote outback. While attempting to deliver an urgent letter, seeking medical attention for a seriously ill woman on Victoria River Downs, he drowned swimming the flooded Dashwood crossing. His body was later recovered and buried on the river bank but later re-interred at the Elsey Station Cemetery on 14 September 1944.

Victoria River Downs was sold in March 1909 to Bovril Australian Estates for £180,000 with Sidney Kidman becoming a member of the Board of Directors until 1922. Although some reasonable profits had been made before the sale to Bovril, matters improved vastly when meatworks were built at Darwin by Vestey Brothers and by the Western Australian government at Wyndham. When the railway was extended from Pine Creek to Katherine transport costs were reduced remarkably. It also reduced the isolation of the district to some extent.

Nearby Humbert River station remained as Crown Land after VRD was formed and was taken up in about 1903 under Pastoral Permit by Newton and Kearney in 1903. It was resumed by the SA government in 1908 for use as an Aboriginal reserve, but this never happened. Billy Butler obtained a Grazing Licence in 1914 and he sold this to C.F. Schultz in 1919.

In 1919 Thomas Graham was appointed manager. During 1922 there was an outbreak of malaria Humbert River station, which caused the death of more than ten per cent of the station workers. Sister E.M. King, of the Australian Inland Mission, turned the homestead into a hospital to care for the sick and dying. Later a proper hospital was built which became known as Wimmera House. It closed down in 1942. Both the original homestead, which is located some kilometres south of the current Victoria River Downs homestead, and the hospital are now listed as part of the National Estate.

In August 1926 Alfred Martin became the new manager and had his wife and large family living with him at Victoria River Downs at the head station on the Wickham River. He still faced many problems such as low beef prices and later the 1930s depression. Martin, a butcher by trade had first worked for Durack but later went droving. From then on he managed Carlton, the VRD bullock depot at Wyndham for seventeen years. Martin turned out a great administrator and knew all there was to know of the meat industry.

During his time, VRD had its first official race meeting. In later years proceeds of these meetings went to the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Hell-fire Martin, as became known, remained on VRD until 1945, carrying the station through droughts, depression, war and resumptions. He retired through ill health and was replaced by Hartley Magnussen. Since that time the Big Run has been carved up leaving only about 12,000 square kilometres.

Well known carver, dancer and painter, Alan Griffiths was born in January 1933 at Victoria River Downs Station where he lived and worked as a stockman until 1957. In 1965 he went to Argyle Station where he married his promised wife Peggy. Alan and Peggy performed the Bali Bali Balga ceremony for the 1997 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art Award.

In 1960 the station was bought by Hooker Corporation, from William Buckland, who made many improvements, particularly in transport. By this time it employed a hundred men and the homestead had the appearance of a small country town. There was the manager's house, a store, kitchen, mess, offices, radio room, single men's quarters, bakery, blacksmith, saddlery, workshops and garages.

The station was sold once more in 1984 to Peter Sherwin for $12,000,000. By 1986 Sherwin had become Australia's largest cattle breeder. It was also during his time that heli-mustering, the rounding up of cattle by helicopter, first started as early as 1970, became very popular. Finally in October 1989 VRD was bought by Robert Holmes a' Court through his Heytesbury Pastoral Company. After his death in 1990, his wife Janet took over. The Big Run has since enjoyed the most stable and profitable period in its 120-year history, entrenching its status as the king of cattle stations.
Ref Flinders Rangers Research
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The Mystery of the 'Midge'

A SCHOONER LOST IN THE

BUSH.

PASSENGERS EXISTING FOR A

MONTH ON CATFISH.

The Pearling lugger "Midge" 16 tons register,left Port Darwin on June 14th for the Victoria River, carrying a cargo of machinery for Meat Works, a colored crew of four, and a party of Victorians, consisting of Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Niemann, their two daughters, and Mr. T. Nicolson, as passengers. A month later Capt. J. Bradshaw, the owner of the Run for which they were bound, reported that the vessel had not arrived, and considerable anxiety was felt during the ensuing fortnight regarding the fate of the party. It was feared that a storm which arose soon after the'Midge'left port had either wrecked her or blown her out to sea. Search parties were sent out by the Government, but no traces of the vessel or of any wreckage could.be found ; nor could any information be gleaned from the natives, and though fresh parties were being organised it was more with the object of settling the mystery that overhung their fate than with a hope of finding any of the party alive. However, the 'Midge ' solved the problem herself by sailing up to her anchorage at Port Darwin once-more, on the evening of Friday, 28th July, having been absent 44 days. When boarded it was found that she had brought back Mr. Nicolson and all her crew, and had landed Mr. and Mrs. Niemann and the children at Point Charles Lighthouse, where they were being attended to by the keepers. The following detailed narrative of the adventures of the party, which have attracted much sympathy on ac- count of the lady and children, who were called on to endure such hard- ships, has been furnished us by Mr.

Niemann himself:

`Our intention originally was to go from Port Darwin to the Victoria River by steamer, as the river is no- toriously difficult to navigate by sail ing boats but being unable to make

fresh arrangements for one when a hitch occurred we had, perforce, to take the largest sailer that could be obtained. The same boat, under the same skipper had done the journey in three days before, and we thought we could manage to endure the discom- forts of such a small boat for that short period, or a little longer if necessary. Provisions and water were taken on board to last a fortnight (they were eked out a little longer), and we set sail with a fair wind on Wednesday, the 14th day of June. Our adventures commenced early as a gale sprang up in the evening, and to the eyes of a land-lubber as the vessel lay over to the wind with her scuppers under the water and the waves washing buckets, etc, along the deck, it looked as if the

end was at hand, especially as the life boat belonging to the vessel hid been

for some reason replaced by a dingey capable only of carryiug half the num- ber on board in smooth water. How- ever, the ' Midge ' is not only the largest Darwin lugger, but also the strongest built, and one of the best sea boats ; the seamen, too, had stowed the cargo so well that neither then nor during her subsequent rough and tumble experience did the lost suffer by its shifting, so that the storm did no damage except to a few ropes, which were repaired on the 15th of June while at anchor in a sheltered bay behind Cape Ford. We escaped a storm that raged during that night outside the bay, and sailing on next day arrived at Point Pearce, from which we had a quick run to the mouth of the Victoria River. This river empties itself into the Gulf of Cambridge, near the borders of West Australia, and discolors the waters of the Gulf for thirty miles out by the volumes of sand it brings down. All other rivers in the Territory are muddy, not sandy, and abound in turtles, large crabs, mosquitos and muggy heat, all of which are practically absent from the Victoria, which has for its special- ity sand-sand banks, sand islands, and

sandwater.

We saw the tide eat away ten feet of the mainland in three days at one spot, dig away a hole six feet deep and forty square, by the boat, in the same time, and make a high bank in another spot where previously there was a channel. It rushes in at from eight to twelve miles an hour and carries everything before it. For instance, when the anchor was put down after the ship s u k, the tide usually car- ried the anchor up stream before it carried the ship.

Add to this that the bed of the river (or rather of the Queen's Chan- nel as this part is named) is some ten miles wide, and that the spring tide rises about twenty feet, covering banks and islands, except here and there the tops of trees on the latter, and it will he seen that ordinary navigation rules do not apply to this locality, charts are almost useless, and a safe passage in a sailing boat must be always a question of good luck as well as good management. Our luck was "out," and for ten days we dodged banks and were carried up inlets instead of up the channel until on the 26th June, when the tide was at its highest and under the sportive influence of the full moon, we were carried some fifteen miles up an inlet into the wild bush, five miles further than a small boat could row at low water, and left high and dry on a sandy flat bordered by stunted scrub, and about a mile away from a deep creek bordered by a forest of gums. Before entering this inlet we had our nerves tried rather severely. We had anchored for the night in a narrow channel between a small island and the mainland and had all retired to rest, only to be aroused at midnight by a terrible roaring of water, and then more effectually by being rolled out of our bunks. Quickly as we could disentangle ourselves we rushed

on deck to find that the boat had dragged her anchor, and drifted into shallow water, where she lay over on her side, while the boiling tide eddied around her. Soon it reached the level of the deck, and we gave ourselves up for lost, since no boat could have floated or swimmer lived in such a whirlpool. Another rush of water came on, smote the side of the vessel and sent a sprinkle of water into the hold, but at the same time lifted her a little, so that we breathed more freely, and in a few minutes were afloat again on an even keel. We named the place near which we had this experience Echo Island, on account of the perfect manner in which it repeated all sounds, but anyone going to look for it a year or so hence would probably find that it had disappeared.

When the tide on the 27th June failed to float the boat properly, and it became evident that there was no hope of getting off for at least a fortnight, Mr. Nicolson and the Captain started off on an exploring expedition, intend- ing to make the station overland if possible. After walking half a day they stopped for lunch, lit a small fire to bake some cockatoos they had shot, and had just disposed of them when they were startled by the descent of a shower of spears within a few paces of them. These were the usual clumsy weapons which can only be thrown about fifteen paces, so that the natives must have been very close to them, but they were surrounded by long cane grass ten feet high and no sign of the enemy was to be seen. Perhaps it was as well that the explorers did not have the opportunity of returning the fire, as we have since, been told that it is nearly as risky, a thing in the Terri- tory to kill a black in self defence as a white in cold blood. We were told before starting that the blacks were treacherous but cowardly, and that they would never attack white people unless there was cover near by to which they could retreat after firing one volley, and, relying on this informa-

tion and the fact that there was no cover within a mile of the ship, we kept no watch, and even went so far

as to leave the boat once without a man on board of her. It happened that on this very occasion some blacks who had previously visited us begging

tobacco made their appearance, and one clambered on board. but when Mrs. Niemann picked up a gun and threat- ened him with it he and the rest speed- ily retreated, thus confirming their re- putation for cowardice, if not hers, for bravery. However, in the explorers' position the ample cover around left them at the mercy of the blacks, and when the spears were thrown the two decided to return to the ship during daylight. The Captain and one of the seamen took the dingey when the new moon tide failed to float us on July 10th and made another exploring effort, but returned after three days' absence and stated that it was impossible to make any progress in it. They dragged the boat to within a mile of the ship, before sundown with the assistance of the other sailors, but were too tired to bring it nearer and during the night the natives despoiled it of everything moveable, oars, rowlocks, and fake bottom included. After that we saw no more signs of the blacks. During the second week we saw the necessity of economising food, so put ourselves on two meals a day and endeavoured to add to the supply by fishing, etc.; but we seemed to run short just as quickly and by the end of the third week we had nothing left but two packets of starch which we reserved to make " maizena " for the children, and a two pound packet of self-raising flour, which was made into scones for them also. There was, of course, no sugar, milk, or other " covering " for the starch, but it was eaten with a relish all the same, for the children, like our- selves, early learnt the truth of the proverb that there is "no sauce like hunger." Having the children on board induced us to bring some pow- dered magnesia with us for use as a medicine, but it was actually used as a baking powder (mixed with spirits of salts), the ship's supply having become damaged, and there being no soda or cream of tartar to take its place.

We did not expect to have any difficulty in securing plenty of crabs, but the only kinds we saw were a min- utes pecies about the size of threepence, and the hermit crab, which is no more useful from the food point of view. This queer creature the hermit crab -resembles a crayfish, except that it has only one large claw, and its shell only covers the forward half of its body. The rear half is similar to a white grub, and is quite as destitute of protective armour. To overcome this drawback it draws on its back the shell of a winkle or other shellfish, after first eating the fish, and this ap- propriated shell forms its armour and residence, being carried about as a snail's is, until the shell becomes too small for its growing body, when it is cast aside and another secured in its

place. Thus armed these crabs are most ferocious and voracious, they will kill and eat other crabs double their size and will eat or destroy anything they can fix their claws in. For in- stance, one exploring party after an absence of an hour or so had to mourn the departure of half a tin of beef, even to the label, a lump of damper, a hat and a coat. Crabs and turtles be- ing unobtainable our next thought was game, and while the ammunition lasted the guns brought welcome additions to our larder, in the shape of cockatoos, seagulls, and flying fish. The cocka- toos would have I been considered tough under ordinary circumstances, but the gulls were tender and the fish delicious. The tide carried along great numbers of the little fish alluded to, and, as they travel in shoals, a good bag would be made with each shot. They resemble a mullet in shape, but their eyes are

more like those of a frog. They swim

at or near the surface of the water,

and when alarmed shoot out into the

air at express rate and for a distance of two or three feet, their own length

being only some six inches. The am- muuntions was practically exhausted a

few days after we stranded, and we then realised the fact that unless we

could find some vegetable food we would have to depend on the fishing lines entirely for our meals, and would have only one variety at that-catfish. When we-first cooked these fish their scaleless bodies and great whiskered,

heads caused them to be regarded with some repugnance, but we acquired a taste for them very quickly, and even , now a hot baked cattish would be an inviting dish to any of us. It was only on the one or two occasions when

we caught more than sufficient for the day that the luxury of baking was

allowed, the rule being to stew them until the thick skins had boiled soft and the soup was thick and tasty. There can be no doubt that it is a very nourishing food, more so than ordinary fish, and if we could have secured enough to satisfy our hunger, we would not have fared badly, but three, avera- ging about two pounds each, was about the usual number we had for each meal, very often only one or two, and there were nine on board to feed. It may be remarked as a curiosity that one energetic seaman known to us as Peter was the only one of the crew who could catch many fish with the line- we had no net. He divided the honor of food supplier with Mr. Nicolson, though the latter scored all points in the matter of water supply. The sea- men were casting anxious eyes on the water tank from the first, but we had plenty of tools and machinery and an expert engineer, so had no anxiety on that point-in fact, when Mr. Nicol-

son made the condenser and set it to

work enough water was obtained in one day to last a fortnight.

Our search for a vegetable diet was not very well rewarded, the best re- sult being obtained from a Species of Meserabryanthemum, the leaves of

which looked and tasted somewhat like

young French beans when cooked. The leaf of the plant resembles the garden " pig-face," and it has a small pink flower like that of the " ice-plant." Another palatable dish was made from a small pea which was very plentiful but over-ripe. The pea itself is small and cylindrical in shape, the plant and white flower is like a lupin in size, and

the leaf similar to that of the common wattle. Though very nice we all found our stomachs too weak to digest them and had to abandon their use. They seem to form the main diet of the birds there. We christened them " cockatoo peas " and ate a good many, no doubt, in the transformed shape of cockatoo flesh. The first time we had this dish, by the way, one of the sea- men declined his share on the ground that he was not a cannibal-" No eat

bird talk English," he said. How- ever, we persuaded him that it he joined in he would soon be able to talk English himself, and, the argument prevailing, he partook, gingerly at first but freely later, with the result that his English vocabulary was much en- larged and before many days he could

swear in English is well as the others.

The last week of the month spent on the sandy waste was the most try- ing as a matter of course. Previous to this the two white men succeeded in catching many fish on a night line stretched across a channel a mile above the ship, where a large saltwater creek disappeared under our sandbanks, and though there was always a fear of alligators one of us took the risk of swimming and the other of standing waist deep in the water to set the line, and were satisfied with the results. But one evening after we had set the line an alligator made its appearance close by, and though we saw no more of him he must have remained, for we caught no more fish there after that, and had to walk the five miles to the water channel for all we got, which in our weak condition was a big under- taking, especially when after fishing far into the night our haul would at times be only one or two fish. Fort- nately we had a plentiful supply of medicines with us and being accus-

tomed to handle them were able to check any symptoms of diarrhoea, etc., at the outset, so that we enjoyed an advantage in this respect, as well as having plenty of water, over most suf- ferers from shipwreck. The weather during the whole period was delight- ful also, and there were no mosquitos or other insect pests. Apart from the feeling of weary weakness, more es- pecially in the legs and arms, and the craving for bread, the worst part of our experience was the angle at which the boat lay. Fancy cooking, eating, walking and sleeping on the slope of an ordinary galvanised iron roof, with a few boards nailed on to cling to, and you will have as good an idea as can be given of our position in this respect. The children left Port Darwin with new boots, when they returned the price marks were not even rubbed off the soles, but the uppers were com- pletely worn out, and we all developed a habit of holding on to something con- stantly by one hand, whether waking or sleeping When the tide was absent the sand in the waterholes left would settle and leave the water clear ; when the tide was in the sandy water was a great nuisance, decks, dishes, etc., washed with it having a coating of sand left on them, and when one was so imprudent as to go in for a swim, his hair, when he came out, looked as if it had been powdered with gold dust, from the shining mica of which the sand is in large part composed. If the sand was as golden in reality as in appearance Eldorado would have been found at last, in fact if it contained only a few grains per ton it would pro- vide profitable work for thousands of dredges. On Friday, July 21st, the spring tide reached us once more, and we had the pleasure of hearing the children ask again which side do you think we are going to capsize over to-day.' On Sunday we floated, and despair seized hold of us for the first time when the anchor refused to hold as usual, and the ebb left us further up the bank, but next morning there was a strong wind from the south, and,

discarding the anchor, we set the sails

against the tide. When the tide reached the flood the wind prevailed,

we floated off at 10 a.m. and by mid- day were in the open sea, with only one fish for food, and too thankful to bother about such a trifle. On Tues- day three young sharks, weighing about four or five pounds altogether, were caught by the seamen; on Wed- nesday one rock cod, about two pounds weight, of which we received a portion. On Thursday we passengers had no fish, and would have been in a really serious plight, but Provi- dence had reserved for us in the medi- cine chest a half-pound tin of lean raw minced steak, which had been pre- served in Melbourne many months before by a new process, and placed among the medicines to see how long it would keep in a tropical climate. When found it did not keep long, for we consumed it raw on the spot, after dividing it into five parts. Next morn- ing at 9 a.m. our troubles were ended. We arrved at the Point Charles lighthouse, the lifeboat put out and carried us ashore, and in a few minutes the pangs of hunger were things of the past. A curious effect of the first meal on all of the party, seamen in- cluded, was that it practically produced intoxication. Our previously slow, feeble pulses beat like steam engines, our heads felt giddy, and the legs of the strongest were far too unsteady to carry them. Mr. Christie, the chief keeper, vied with Mr. and Mrs. Benni- son and Mr. and Mrs. Kingsbury in showing us constant kindness and attention, which we repaid so well that,

in the afternoon, Mr. Nicolson was able

to continue his journey with the crew to Palmerston, where he was hailed as one risen from the dead. Next day the steamer Victoria brought on the rest of us, and we were escorted home by a number of the residents, whose prodigal kindness of heart, so loudly praised by every visitor, we were afforded an opportunity of sounding to its depths. Sympathy begets sympathy,

and if our hearts were touched when the band played 'The old folks at home,' they felt and feel a warmth towards the town and its inhabitants which no other place or people has ever succeeded in arousing. The care and attention, and good food, bestowed on us at the lighthouse being continued at the Hotel Victoria by Mr. and Mrs. Martin, anyone seeing us would pro- bably find it as difficult to imagine that we had passed through so much as we find it ourselves, though we still dream at nights that we are starving, even as in our days of starvation our dreams were one succession of glorious banquets.' They lived . Northern Territory 274/1904

The marriage service was conducted by the Rev. H. P. Gocher in a very impressive manner, and Capt. J. Bradshaw gave away the bride in his most courtly style.
( Captain Bradshaw was responsible for getting John Henry & Mary to the northern Territory )

The bride looked handsome enough to make hide-bound bachelors envy the good forture of the bridegroom, and on the conclusion of the ceremony

the audience inside and out wished Mr. and Mrs. Stokes good luck in bumper handfuls of rice which covered the floor and footpath and made a snowy carpet for them to tread when taking their fir>t steps together as man and wife.

The wedding breakfast was given in the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Niemann, kindly lent for the occasion, and the usual toasts were drunk with enthusiasm, after which the wedding gifts were inspected and a good musical programme finished off a most pleasant function.

1905
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Niemann received a great farewell demonstration from Pine Creek residents on the occasion of their recent departure from that mining centre for the Daly River, October 2006
My interest in john & Mary Niemann was sparked by becoming aware of two books. "The Spirit of the Daly" Peter Forrest & Life on the Daly river" Nancy Polishuk.
John Niemann and his second wife Mary must have been quite amazing people. He was born New Zealand, moved to Sandhurst ( Bendigo), studied in Melbourne and became a Chemist, married his first wife Alice Webster, who died in Warracknabeal Vic. He married Mary nee Nicolson in Sydney.

John & Mary headed for the Northern Territory and at great risk attempted to set up a meat extract business at Victoria River. Victoria River was completely isolated and they almost came to grief on the sea voyage there. Their short stay there wasn't any improvement upon the voyage ! That didn't last long before they moved to the Daly River. At that time it also required a sea & river journey.
Both of the books mentioned, illustrate that the 'Daly' is a littany of failure, floods, crocodiles, snakes and during the wet season almost total isolation. There were very few settlers in the area even after World War 2.
The Aboriginal people were their only company and provided most of the labour for the farms, the mines and any other endeavour. By 1899 they were apparently 'peaceful' people, one suspects because they never forgot the massacres that took place after some Aboriginals killed miners in 1884. They were subsequently hunted and it is estimated 150 men women & children were murdered.
The privations for John, Mary and the two girls would have been no less than for any other settler. However both books convey a sense of community which provided something quite special & necessary !
With some understanding, but no personal experience I am totally impressed by the fact that they seemed to have been undaunted by the risks and challenges. It is little wonder they are listed conspicuously amongst the pioneers.
Not satisfied with six years on the Daly, they moved to Pine Creek. Maybe not quite as isolated but nonetheless would have required considerable determination.
The Niemann's are a 'mobile lot' . Others in the family went to New Zealand, Fiji and while closer to home, still daunting, Broken Hill. And one died (suspected murdered) off the coast of Western Australia, having 'chased his fortune' in northern Western Australia.

It is necessary to read the books to gain a better understanding of John & Mary's adventures on the Daly.

The following is an extract from "The Spirit of the Daly"

In 1899 John and Mary Niemann came from Melbourne to the Daly River, to settle at the New Uniya site which the Jesuits had recently abandoned. John Niemann was a_chemist, and he was encouraged by swashbuckling pastoralist Captain Joe Bradshaw (of Bradshaw's Run, on the Fitzmaurice River) to come north to operate a meat extract plant. There was little market for Territory live cattle, and Bradshaw resolved that it might be more profitable to slaughter cattle and to produce meat extract from their carcasses. After an abortive investigation of the Victoria River locality it was decided that the best site for the works would be on the Daly, to whence Bradshaw could walk his cattle overland.
The Niemanns were to spend the next twenty years in the Territory - on the Daly, at Pine Creek, and in Darwin. On her return to Melbourne Mary Niemann wrote a series of articles which were published in the Melbourne Leader newspaper on May 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, June 5, 12, 19, 26, July 3. 1920. Mary vividly recalled their arrival at the old mission, which Neimanns called 'Monea':
[The full article is within the Documents attached to this family ]
[A similar article is in the Niemann family book; especially the account of their brief exploit to Captain Bradshaw's cattle station.]

It is interesting, if not a little bizarre that John 'escaped' from mining to become a Chemist and yet was drawn back into mining when in the Northern Territory. He did return to his work as a Chemist when the family returned to Adelaide.

Children were: Catherine Nicolson "Kit" NIEMANN (HENNESSY)-110.

Spouse: Grace Irene HART (NIEMANN)-2420. Grace Irene HART (NIEMANN) and Alan Thomas NIEMANN were married on 11 March 1939 in Brunswick Vic.⁶³⁷ 13/3/1939 Argus Newspaper Melbourne
QUIET CEREMONY
The marriage was quietly celebrated on Saturday of Grace Irene, only child of Mr and Mrs W J Halt of Brunswick, and Alan Thomas, third son of Councillor and Mrs F C Niemann of Bendigo The ceremony took plate at the CongregationaI Chuich Brunswick the Rev C A Adams officiating. Children were: Living, Living, Living, Living.

Spouse: Living. Children were: Norman MacGillivray NIEMANN-117, Jessie L. NIEMANN (CAFISO)-118.

Spouse: Mabel Inglis DICKSON (NIEMANN)-1664. Mabel Inglis DICKSON (NIEMANN) and Arthur August NIEMANN were married on 16 November 1904 in Melbourne Vic - St Andrew's Church, Carlton. A clock maker in Adelaide contacted Grant Niemann, who directed him to Trent Niemann. He had in his possession a clock which had been presented to Arthur August, by his work mates on the occasion of his marriage in 1904.
It is assumed that his brother who lived in Adelaide for some time 'inherited' the clock and at some time it had been disposed of into the marketplace.
Trent Niemann selected at random names from the White Pages for Victoria, sent off three letters ' just on spec' . Scott Niemann telephoned Trent and said he was related to Arthur August and that his father William Maxwell was a grandson of Arthur August.
Subsequently William 'Bill' Niemann contacted Trent by telephone. He says he remembers the clock. We exchanged a few bits'n pieces of family history. He was going to follow-up on the clock.

10/12/1904 Melbourne Argus Marriage
NIEMANN-DICKSON -On the 16th November at St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Carlton by the Rev. Hugh Kelly, M.A., Arthur August, fifth son of Mary and the late John August Niemann,
Carlton to Mabel fourth daugter, of Janet and the late James Dickson of Fitzroy, "At home" 114 Lygon street Carlton 14th and 15th December. Children were: Norma Edith NIEMANN-1665, Henry August "Harry" NIEMANN-1666, William Arthur NIEMANN-1667.

Spouse: Frances Edith Georgina "Ena" WIRTH (NIEMANN)-2411. Frances Edith Georgina "Ena" WIRTH (NIEMANN) and Arthur August NIEMANN were married in 1932 in unknown place. Children were: Living, Graham Arthur NIEMANN-2413, Living.

THE RACING CASE. . CHARGE AGAINST A JOCKEY. . . .MELBOURNE, September 9th 1922
Arthur James Niemann, the jockey who rode Seal King In the Sandown Park Plate, and who was subsequenllv prosecuted- on a charge of conspiracy. was found not guilty to-day. Counsel for the prosecution and the defence were both brief. His Honour .Judge Williams reviewed the evidence For 20 minutes, and in the end told the jury that if it had any feelingthat there was much that did not come to light, and that neither side had told the (Complete truth, they should find a verdict of not guilty. Twelve minutes later the jury was back in court with a verdict. Niemann was dis- charged.
..................................................................................

He raced mostly in Adelaide but also in Melbourne. He died on 1 April 1955 at the age of 51 in Adelaide.^1223,1226 Niemann Arthur James Boarding House 6/4/1955; died Friday 1/4/1955, 75 Fullarton Road, Fullarton SA, Late of Broken Hill Husband of Sally ( ?? Doreen SALMON ... maybe the meaning), Brother to Dick, Bill, Lew.; Aged 51 yrs
Art was buried on 6 April 1955 in Adelaide. Centennial Park Adelaide possbible - no dates given - Age: 51 Years Interment Details: Burial Section: Anglican B Row: Path: BJ Site: 304 Licence Number: 8801 Licence Expiry Date: 02/04/2005

Parents: William John NIEMANN-37 and Emily Edith May "Edith" SPRATT (NIEMANN)-194.

Spouse: Doreen May SALMON (NIEMANN)-1674. Doreen May SALMON (NIEMANN) and Arthur James "Art" NIEMANN were married about 1923 in Broken Hill NSW - possibly.

Spouse: Living. Children were: Living, Living, Living, Living.

Spouse: Charlotte Mary JENKINSON (NIEMANN)-1649. Charlotte Mary JENKINSON (NIEMANN) and Christian NIEMANN were married on 7 December 1861 in Bendigo Vic - [AKA Sandhurst] - St Andrews Presbyterian Manse.^841,842 Marriage witnessed by Johann Diedrich Conrad Niemann (brother/ brother-in-law). Children were: Lucy NIEMANN (WINSTANLEY)-1652, Sarah Annie NIEMANN-1653, Illma NIEMANN-1655, John Ernst Christian NIEMANN-1654, Eleanor Victoria Margaret NIEMANN ( WINWOOD)-4615, Ruby NIEMANN-4616.

Opals.— have been shown by Mr. D. C. Niemann a splendid collection of opals from White Cliffs, about sixty-five miles from Wilcannnia . New South Wales. There are between

twenty and thirty men working on the field, opals from which valued at £6,000 have already been sold. These gems are increasing in favour, and the price is going up, especially in England, that the miners at White Cliffs have rosy prospects. The opaline from which the gems are cut are imbedded in a kind of pipeclay. Some beautiful stones have been cut, and experts have expressed the very highest opinions as to their quality. Mr. Niemann showed us several other curiosities, including petrified wood and bone, some specimens being beautifully impregnated with opal. The petrified wood is exceedingly hard beyond the_ influence of steel files, and when cut takes ' polishes nicely. It makes a handsome pendant. Mr. Niemann's specimens, as well as an interesting collection of other minerals, may be seen at Mr. S. Rosengarten'e, 8 and 9, Hindley street.

Adelaide Advertiser 23/1/1891
SILVER AND OPALS.
NUNTHERUGIE AND WHITE CLIFFS FIELDS.
(By W.J. YOUNG, M.A.]
During my holidays in Adelaide I heard several enquiries about the Nuntherungie silver field, and therefore when I returned to Broken Hill I embraced an opportunity readily opportunity of accompanying Mi. D. C. Niemann, a proprietor, who bad made arrangements with some capitalist! to visit this new Field. We started ...............................[long article ]

Western Mail WA 21/10/1903
The following crushings hare been earried out at the State batteries named : - Norseman battery: Three Colonies lease (A, Woods), 10 tons for 5oz. lOdwt.; Nellie May South lease (Bv C.* Niemann and Co.), 84 tons for 6oz. 2dwt. Sgr.; Northern Ricky died in 1910 at the age of 43 in WA - Shark Bay - Drowned at sea.¹²⁵¹ The Western Australian 1/10/1907
Lost at Sea.-A fatality which occurred at sea has been reported by persons travelling by the s.s. Sultan down the coast to Fremantle. Several men who had been engaged in the. construction of the rabbit-proof fence boarded the steamer mentioned at Port Hedland. According to the statement of one of the passengers they had good cheques, and during the Journey south some of them were very convivial. In the early hours of Saturday last, one of the men -Dick Niemann-who was one of the fencing gangers, was missed. When the vessel reached Geraldton at noon on the day mentioned the circumstances wrere reported to the police. It is surmised that Niemann fell over board. He is described as having been an intelligent. companionable man of from 30 to 35 years of age.

The story of his presumed death is outlined in the Niemann Family history book. "Drowned between Broome & Shark Bay (suspected foul play)"
The report above doesn't suggest 'foul play' and it seems he was a fencer ( Rabbit Proof Fence) and not a wealthy gold prospector as has been suggested.
He was buried in 1910 in WA - Shark Bay. Grave : WA Shark Bay Drowned at sea Oh ... a skeleton 1904 Kalgoolie Western Argus Tues Nov 29th
Whenever something unsavoury arises regarding a member of the family I am faced with the dilemma of whether to ignore the fact or 'publish & be damned' . In searching through the Newspapers I have twice been faced with the choice. I have decided that although there are few direct connections to 'Ricky' Niemann the exact revelation of his history may upset somebody.
It is one thing to claim a sheep stealing convict but another thing altogether for some other crimes. If the reader wishes to know more they can conduct their own research.
In the book "A Niemann Family History" Jessie Cafiso states the following ... "... in the early 1890's rich goldfields were discovered at Koolgardie, Kalgoolie and NORSEMAN. Just when Ricky decided to join the throng of immigrants to that distant colony we do not know" ...... Ricky planned his return ( to Broken Hill) around 1909 "
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 29. Sentenced. (Trial Tues 6th Dec 1904- Kalgoolie ) Diedrich Conrad Niemann, ............................. in the dock for sentence. His Honor addressed the prisoner at length, and said 'he would not now expect anyone to respect the prisoner. The constable had thrown out a strong hint that Niemann had offended in this direction, before. He would pass a sentence of two months' imprisonment with hard labor, which was a light sentence. ........................................... Niemann would have received from 18 months to two years' imprisonment.
Too much of a coincidence !
April 14th 1904 'Niemann' cited as being involved in illegal gambling in a Billiard Room. Parents: Johann Diedrich Conrad NIEMANN-26 and Ann Rose "Rose Anne" NOLAN (NIEMANN)-27.

DEPUTATION TO MB. PABRY

Mr. J. S. Parry, inspector and district forester, and Mr. J. M'Cartney, forest officer, reached Broken Hill on Monday after making an inspection of the timber reserves between Broken Hill and Menindie. While in the oity Mr. Parry received a deputation consisting of Messrs. Dorman, Campbell, a representative of Nield and Hyde's, and J. Hogan, representing the wood merchants; Messrs. Niemann and Wallace, wood carters; and Mr. G. -T. Thomas, representing tie master bakers.
..........................................................
By the time I was old enough to know him he had retired. He was a quiet man and didn't have a lot to say. But obviously he was quite active in Industrial matters, the local A.L.P., the Lodge.

SOUTHERN BOULDER MINÉ "> Barrier miner 2/7/1923

: In the "Walden's Court to-day, before , Mri G. A.\ Stevenson, deputy mining warden} E. J. Niemann, by bis agent, Arnold G. Johns, appliéd for six months suspension of labor conditions* on M.L. No. 1823, known as Southern'Boulder mine, situated in the parish of Soudan, county - of Yancowinna. ' The agent stated that during ' the post three and a half months about £350 had been spent on-the'lease. ? The total Expenditure on the lease . was about £3000. . A Report was now being awaited from Mr. Whiteman. ' of the : . 'British mine", who recently inspected. the lease» The suspension was required 'to enable the lessee to raise', more.capital for.the development of the miné. "' The warden granted three months' 'suspension of labor "conditions*

Barrier miner 29/12/1930 E.J. NIEMANN. 198 Oxide-street, . for WOOD. COAL, and COKE. Ernest has had invlovement in : Contested Council elections as an Independent Alderman Barrier Miner Newspaper 26/1/1920

LODGE INSTALLATION

At the meeting of the Success Lodge. TJ.A.O.D.. last night, " District President Bro. El J. Niemann in- stalled Past Arch Bro. It- Luckman as', district president of No. 26 dis- trict. Representatives of the Tri- umph, Silver Star, Alma, Railway, Lady Angelsea, and Queen Boadicea branches were also present at the in- stallation. Bro. Luckman also pre- sented Bro. Niemann with an oak ice chest for services rendered. A musical programme was also presented.

STATE POLITICS
. . UPPER HOUSE VACANCIES

BROKEN HILL ASPIRANTS

There were 218 aspirants for the seats in the New South Wales Legis lative _ Council. The list included the following Broken Hill residents : Charles Doole S. J. Davev, Jabez Wright,
E. J. Niemann, T.. Griffiths.

The maximum Shade temperature to- day was 69.5 (F) and the 3 o'clock reading of the barometer 29.278. N

BARRIER DISTRICT A.LP, FORTNIGHTLY MEETING 9/5/1922

The fortnightly meeting of the Barrier District Assembly of tho Australian Labor Party was held in the Trades Hall last night, Mr. E. J. Niemann presiding.

STATE ELECTIONS Barrier miner 28/2/1922

LABOR PARTY CAMPAIGN
IN THE STURT ELECTORATE ADDRESSES LAST NIGHT
THREE CANDIDATES SPEAK

The Town Hall was about half filled I last night when tho A.L.P. candidates for the Sturt seats at the forthcoming State electJom opened their campaign. Mr. E. J. Niemann presided. He was a woodyard owner, miner, Council employee in Broken Hill NSW - 709 Beryl St, in 1954. He died (Exact Death Date Uncertain) on 9 June 1954 at the age of 80 in Broken Hill NSW.^1259,1260 I remember just prior to his death he suffered some form of dementia and from time to time my father and uncle had to take him to hospital. Ernest was buried on 11 June 1954 in Broken Hill NSW. Grave : Broken Hill - Gen AR R B3 G 18 [Photo]¹²⁶¹ Ernest James is remembered by me as a kindly Grandfather. When I knew him he was 'a man of few words' but I suspect now that wasn't always the case.
He was quite young when his father died as did several of his siblings. It is difficult to understand the reason for his mother moving the family from Eaglehawk to Broken Hill. The towns do have mining as a common element but there is a world of difference between the two. Broken Hill at that time was a desolate and difficult and quite a lawless place in which to live. There was a lack of water, many diseases and appalling accommodation.

In modern times it is difficult to understand people moving long distances with quite primitive transport and such uncertainty; but the challenges in those days must have been enormous and finding work was a must because there was no alternative. .

Recently (2011) I have found many newspaper references to Ernest James in relation to his work in mining and as a woodyard owner .
However he was involved in the community through the "Druids Lodge" as one its leaders and was an active political participant in the Australian Labor Party. He stood for election but was not nominated.

It is clear he played his part in Broken Hill during his era. Parents: Johann Diedrich Conrad NIEMANN-26 and Ann Rose "Rose Anne" NOLAN (NIEMANN)-27.

Spouse: Emma Jane DORMAN (NIEMANN)-9. Emma Jane DORMAN (NIEMANN) and Ernest James NIEMANN were married on 1 January 1896.³⁶⁸ Children were: Cecil Conrad NIEMANN-59, Lily Irene NIEMANN (RUSSELL)-60, Eileen Jane NIEMANN-61, Beryl NIEMANN (NIEMANN)-225, Ernest Richard NIEMANN-63, Eileen NIEMANN (LAKE)-64, Delcie NIEMANN-65, Harry NIEMANN-2, Leslie "Les" NIEMANN-66, Zella Margaret NIEMANN (MCPHEE)-67.

.accident between Roto and Hillston late yesterday, Ernest Richard Niemann died in the Hillston Hospital this morning. Niemann, who was a railway ganger, leaves a widow and four young 'children. .,, I
His wife and three of the children arrived in Broken Hill on Friday night on a "market trip" and; were to have returned to their home at Roto tomoiTow morning. . .
Both the injured man and his wife are Broken Hill born. ..:' Niemann's parents reside in Beryl Street, North Broken Hill, and his wife was formerly Miss Eileen Ivy Clarke, of 1131 Iodide Street.
Mrs. Niemann, accompanied by her husband's parents, left for Roto oh a goods train today. She was informed that her husband hád passed away shortly before leaving.
Mr. Niemann, who was 36 years ol age, had been employed in the N.S.W. Government ..Railways for ; about, 13 years, and had just ' returned to -the Roto section after having been engaged on work in other areas.

No details of the accident have been received in Broken' Hill other than the message from the Hillston .police that Niemann had been admitted:^ hospital there in a serious- con dition. A... later ; message stated that he diéd this 'morñing.

The youngest "of-the children is six and the eldest H. They will remain with their grandmother, Mrs; Clarke, until their mother returns to Broken Hill. ... . : . Ernest was buried on 17 June 1942 in Hillston NSW.^{1266,1267,1268} Grave : RC Reference Lost The records for numerous burials in Hillston have been lost. Parents: Ernest James NIEMANN-8 and Emma Jane DORMAN (NIEMANN)-9.

Spouse: Eileen Isabel IVY CLARK (NIEMANN)-138. Eileen Isabel IVY CLARK (NIEMANN) and Ernest Richard NIEMANN were married in 1929. Children were: Maxwell Ernest "Max" NIEMANN-139, Living, Doreen Ellen NIEMANN (RICKARD)-141, Living.

Formed by Johann Hermann Niemann and others in 1873 the Dampfschiffahrts Gesellschaft Neptun started operations with six ships from Bremen to Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the German Baltic ports. In 1875 a service from Bremen to Rotterdam and Amsterdam was started and in 1877 a Bremen Hamburg service was begun, the company expanded rapidly and new liner services were opened to the Mediterranean, Spain and Portugal.

In the first World War DG Neptun operated only in the Baltic Area. DG Neptun started World War I with seventy-six steamships, when the war ended only fifty six ships were left.

In the years 1920, 1921 and 1922 the company started the liner service again, which had been closed down at the beginning of World War I. The first motorship the GAUSS entered the fleet in 1925. During the civil war in Spain (1936-1939) the liner service to Spain was stopped.

At the beginning of World War II, the DG Neptun fleet consisted of seventy-one ships, however, by the end of the war only thirteen ships remained. The Bremen West Sweden service was started again in 1948, followed in 1949 to Spain and Portugal. The motorship LIBELLE was the first post war new building for the fleet. By 1950 several liner services were recommenced.

DG Neptun became Sloman Neptun Schiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft in 1974 after the Sloman Group bought a 75% holding.

Many thanks to Henk Jungerius and Ted Finch for their assistance in collecting this data. The following list was extracted from various sources. This is not an all inclusive list but should only be used as a guide. If you would like to know more about a vessel, visit the Ship Descriptions (onsite) or Immigrant Ship web site.

Parents: .

Spouse: Anna Rebecca KÖRNS (NIEMANN) (FECK GNT. FINKE )-52. Anna Rebecca KÖRNS (NIEMANN) (FECK GNT. FINKE ) and Franz Wilhelm NIEMANN were married about 1795 in GERMANY - Bremen - assumed.^1024,1025 Children were: Johann HEINRICH NIEMANN-49, Anna Elizabeth Margaretha NIEMANN (JACOBSEN)-4965, Fredrich Nicolaus NIEMANN-4966.

COUNCILLOR RESIGNS Melbourne Argus 23/2/1940
BENDIGO.-Councillor R. C. Niemann, who has represented Barkly Ward since 1928, last night tendered his resignation to the Bendigo City Council. An extra- ordinary election to fill the vacancy will be held on Thursday, March 14. Messrs. A, Truscott, of Long Gully, and J. A. Burkett, a member of the Bendigo Welfare League, have announced their intention of contesting the seat. He died on 5 August 1947 at the age of 67 in Bendigo Vic - Kennington. He was buried on 7 August 1947 in Bendigo Vic.¹²⁷⁵ Grave : Ind MON A 4 Priv Grave No. 34528 Ref 8436 [photo] Parents: Johannn August "John" NIEMANN-56 and Living.

Spouse: Ethel Emily May HARDING (NIEMANN)-1673. Ethel Emily May HARDING (NIEMANN) and Frederick Conrad "Fred" NIEMANN were married in 1905. Children were: Frederick Raymond "Ray" NIEMANN-2401, Arthur August NIEMANN-2402, Alan Thomas NIEMANN-2403, Living, Living.

Spouse: Shiela Mary MAHER (NIEMANN)-2406. Shiela Mary MAHER (NIEMANN) and Frederick Raymond "Ray" NIEMANN were married on 12 March 1951 in unknown place. Children were: Living.

Parents: Franz Wilhelm Niemann +16.05.1805 Bremen [ death presumed]
Anna Rebecca KoRN *1744 in Appel = Helvensiek + 29.9.1836 in Bremen

No children found for Fredrich Nicholas

Siblings:
Johann Heinrich Niemann 1799 in Bremen
Anna Elizabeth Margaretha Niemann 1801 in Bremen He was baptized on 6 November 1803 at St Peters Cathedral in GERMANY - Bremen.¹²⁷⁸ [page 271, section 4, Anno 1803 den 6ten Novb.]
6th November
Friedrich Nicolaus Niemann, ehel. geb. den
3ten und get. den 6ten Nov., der Vater Franz Wil-
3rd November
helm Niemann, ein Arbeitsmann die Mutter
working man
Anna Rebecka Körns; Gevatter Johann
God father
Nicolaus Körn.

6th November 1803
Friedrich Nicholaus Niemann
Born: 3rd November 1803
Baptised: 6th November 1803
Father: Franz Wilhelm Niemann, Working man
Mother: Anna Rebecca nee Körns
Godfather: Johann Nicholaus Körn
He died before 1903 at the age of 100 in Unknown. Probable Error : Records from Church of Our Lady, burials list a death "Jan 2nd. Franz Wm. son Niemann third age 2 2 1/4 (2.25 ) Groten 30" Strongly suggested that the child is Frederich Nicholas, 3rd child of Franz Wilhelm & Rebecca KoRNS. Parents: Franz Wilhelm NIEMANN-51 and Anna Rebecca KÖRNS (NIEMANN) (FECK GNT. FINKE )-52.

Seventeen members of the local branch of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy will attend the first ordinary meeting of the institute to be held at Kalgoorlie from May 26 to June 1. They leave on Monday next, May 24.

Members will visit underground workings, treatment plants, and other general surface workings of the gold mines there.

Discussions on papers which will be presented to the institute will take place. The papers to be presented at the meeting are:-"Treat ment Methods and Plant of Gold Mines of Kalgoorlie Ltd," by E. K. Penrose; "Some Notes on Carbide Tipped Rock Drill Bits," by E. J. Wells; "Gold Room Procedure at Lake View and Star Ltd.," by R. C. Buckett; "Stope Filling with Thickened Classified Flotation Tail ings,'" by J. Holly; "Lake View and Star Ltd.: Dust Control in Crushing Section of Chaffcrs Plant," by T. D. Field; "The New Central Crushing Plant at Lake View and Star Ltd.," by R. C. Buckett; "A Description of the Stripplng and Retimbering of the Ivanhoe South Extended Shaft, with Work Incidental thereto," by L. E. Elvey;

"Lode Structures," by K. Finucane; "Asbestos," by D. Humphreys; "Mining Practice at Big Bell."

The local party will include seven members from the Zinc Cor poration and New Broken Hill, nine from the North mine, and one from the South.

Members participating in the meeting are Messrs. R. Pitman Hooper, C. W. Thomas, L. N. May- ger, F. Espie, R. Lovis, ,F. Pahol ski, and C. Eyers (Zinc Corpora- tion and New Broken Hill).

Messrs. W. R. Miller, Q. J. Henderson, W. H. Harbison, J. R. Adam, J. Stevenson, H. .Niemann, W. Noble, M. Cheffirs. and W. Ray, from the North Mine.

Mesdames Pitman Hooper and Mayger will accompany their hus bands.
The only South Mine representa tive will be Mr. D. Swan. Harry was educated in 1928 in Broken Hill - North School. EDUCATIONAL 1
Barrier Miner 1928
NORTH SCHOOL EXAMINATION
QUARTERLY RESULTS
The following are the results ot the quarterly examination conducted at the North School:
Third ".Year.-Douglas Firth,' 1; Allen Yourn; 2; Herbert Clarke, 3; Albert Manuel, 4; Robert Wallschut sky, 5; Robert Kearns. 6; 'Stanley Harper, 7; Edward Jinks, S ; James Cameron, 9; John. Falkner, etc

. Second' Year High .-Thomas Beahl, 1; Harry Berriman, '2; George' Hall, 3; William Johns, 4; Len. Roëszler, 5; Arthur Prenzel, 6; William Lean, 7; John M'Lauchlan, 8; Ivan Ashton, 9/ Harry Niemann, 10;,Thomas Woods, ll; Reno Felizzer and Noel Crutchett, equal, 12. I've included this simply to illustrate the times in 1949:
Last night's Guinea Airways Douglas liner brought Messrs. J. Niemann, Beerworth, C. G. Davi- etc etc He was a Engineer in Charge, Department of Main Roads in Wentworth NSW between 1959 and 1963. He was responsible for the supervision of the construction of the 'new' Wentworth to Broken Hill road (to about half way) and the sealing of that road. He was similarly involved in the construction of the Buronga NSW to Balranald NSW reconstruction and sealing.
He traversed the roads many times and his knowledge of Geology gave him an insight into the sources of both water and sand in otherwise clay covered country.
From time to time his family travelled with him while he was working but he never mentioned, but maybe he didn't know, that his relatives had lived in Balranald and around Pooncarie . This fact has only been uncovered since the two histories of the Nolan and Niemann families were written.
Similarly visits to Bendigo & Eaglehawk on family holidays were without reference to his familiy history. He held the qualification of Diploma in Metalliferous Mining Engineering As a child I was well aware of the many hours Harry spent 'studying'. It was a process that took him about ten years. He worked full time but as he gained qualifications he moved from one role to another ... Miner to Surveror to Geologist to Engineer. He began at about the age of 25 and was 36 when fully qualified. ( Trent Niemann)

Barrier miner 15/1/1945 - Diploma Preparatory Course
Harry Niemann lc

Barrier Miner 10/1/1946
English, Chemistry, Physics Harry Niemann.-lb, 2c, 3b. '

Barrier miner 7/1/1948
Metalliferous mining Stage 1 : H. Niemann, 6P, 7X, 9P, 14P 60P. 6lCr., 62X, 63P.
"X" = fail with a right to re-sit as supplementary
Barrier miner 15/1/1950 Stage 2 Harry Niemann, 11X, 15X. 60X, 67Cr, 62P, 133Cr, 57X;
Barrier miner 29/12/1953
Ëxaminations for Managers
The Department of Mines examination for mine man agers resulted:-D. Sault, 1; .A. Pearson, 2; D. Tenison - Wood, 3; R. W. Durdin, M. J. Elliott, P. A. Ellwood, R. H. Mew, H. Niemann, J. N. Templer.

Barrier Miner 3/3/1954
Examinations
Technical College examination results under Mines Inspection Act, resulted: Credit: K. M. Finlay, P. Lord, H. Niemann, C. T.Walker.

MINING ENGINEERING Barrier Miner 11/1/1949
DIPLOMA COURSE
.STAGE I.- STAGE II.-George E. Adkins: 131P,- 68X. IIP, 15P, 19X. Harry Niemann: 7P, 8P, 131Cr., 132P, 64X. 65P.

20/1/1954 Barrier miner
H. Niemann: Distinction; Chemistry & Minerology Harry was a Supervising Engineer, Department of Main Roads NSW in Parkes NSW between 1964 and 1966. He was a Supervising Engineer (maintenance) Dept of Main Roads in Sydney NSW between 1966 and 1968. His work in Sydney was most interesting and included the maintenance of the Sydney Harbour Bridge which provided the opportunity for his sons to climb to the top (for free ! ). He also had involvement with the Captain Cook and Gladesville bridges and the Northern Expressway. He died on 22 April 1968 at the age of 52 in Sydney NSW.¹²⁸³ A history of Asthma, which was largely untreated throughout his youth and growing years, smoking, Broken Hill dust and other occupational hazards led to his early demise. He largely ignored advice regarding his health and eventually his heart gave up the struggle. Harry was buried after 22 April 1968 in Sydney NSW - Macquarie Fields. Grave : Macquarie Fields North Ryde RC Grv 9 Row 47 Vaughan [Photo] Harry Niemann, had a passion for Geology and spent many hours wandering the hills around Broken Hill or anywhere he travelled. He could find water in an apparently dry creek beds, loved camping, fishing and restoring what was an old house. He regularly visited the town dump to collect broken concrete paving to create a 'crazy paving' patio alongside the house. Under the 'direction' of wife Molly he created doorways, windows, rooms and other various home comforts. The house at 634 Blende St., has been demolished but the old shed / workshop remained in 2005.
He was an asthmatic, smoker and non-drinker (until about 1960) and during the Broken Hill dust storms he struggled to breathe.
He was a strong disciplinarian but very rarely used the 'belt' when he was angry, and generally when used it was well deserved. Visions still exist of him sitting at the Kitchen table demanding the boys eat 'what was put in front of them ' and from time to time he's have the 'belt' around his neck ... he was serious. And sometimes the cooking wasn't great ! However, he cared greatly for his family and loved to pass on information, opinions etc. about life and the world in general. He was a good teacher, never getting frustrated but extremely persistent. One could never forget Pythagorus' Theorum, nor would he allow it not to be learned !
He learn many lessons from living during the 1930's economic depression and related that the family often ate rabbit, potaoes and onions day in and day out while living on the banks of the Murray at Merbein in a bag hut.
He had a passion about the value of Education, enjoyed family both immediate and extended. He was intolerant of immorality, dishonesty etc. his wrath was greatest when such principles were breached. He had high regard for and showed respect for immigrants, probably because he saw them as good honest workers.
Harry was a tolerable musician and loved to sing, play the mouth organ and struggle with the button accordian and from time to time the banjo. This love came to the fore around the camp fire on the Darling river where a family group would sit around singing mainly Irish songs. The old Irish song 'Danny Boy' is a warm reminder of Harry Niemann.
Parents: Ernest James NIEMANN-8 and Emma Jane DORMAN (NIEMANN)-9.

Spouse: Living. Children were: Living, Living.

Spouse: Edith Mary MCLEAN (NIEMANN)-1668. Edith Mary MCLEAN (NIEMANN) and Henry August "Harry" NIEMANN were married in 1935. Children were: Living, Living, Living, Pamela Joy "Twin" NIEMANN-2540, Living.

[The book Shamrocks to Wattle Nolan Family 1853-1998 says in error that he died a month after his father on 25/04/1883 ]

Parents: Johann Diedrich Conrad NIEMANN-26 and Ann Rose "Rose Anne" NOLAN (NIEMANN)-27.

He died on 19 August 1935 at the age of 102 in GERMANY - Bremen. Death of the first - information provided by Johann AugustFritz Hopfgarten Die Maus Bremen Feb 2011
+ 1835/394(790): Johann August NIEMANN + 19. August 1835 at water (?)
He was not stillborn as indicated by Jessie Cafiso " A Niemann Family history " 1986 Parents: Johann HEINRICH NIEMANN-49 and Tobete Margrete OSTERMANN (NIEMANN)-50.

Spouse: Ann Rose "Rose Anne" NOLAN (NIEMANN)-27. Ann Rose "Rose Anne" NOLAN (NIEMANN) and Johann Diedrich Conrad NIEMANN were married on 24 August 1862 in Bendigo Vic - Fourth White Hill (Rites of Congregationalist. Witnesses Sister Lucy Niemann (Devine) & Lucy's Husband Thomas Devine
Children were: Margaret JULIA NIEMANN (HORTHUM) (KITCHENMASTER)-32, Anne Mary NIEMANN-33, John NIEMANN-34, Michael Henry NIEMANN-35, Diedrich Conrad (Jr) "Ricky" NIEMANN-36, William John NIEMANN-37, Anne "Annie" NIEMANN (SPRATT)-38, Ernest James NIEMANN-8, Sarah Jane Frances NIEMANN-39, John August NIEMANN-40, James Henry NIEMANN-41.

Baptism
Kirchengemeinde St. Petri Dom, Taufen 1799-1808
Church St Peter Cathedral Baptisms
[page19, section 7, Anno 1799]
Johann Heinrich Niemann ehel. geb. den 27ten u. get. Den
Born 27th June
30ten Juny, der Vater Frantz Wilhelm Niemann, ein Arbeitsmann
30th June Father working man
die Mutter Anna Rebecka geb. Karns; Gevatter Johann
mother nee Godfather
Hinrich Blatter.

Cathedral of St Peters, Baptisms 1799 – 1808
Johann Heinrich Niemann born 27th June 1799
Father: Frantz Wilhelm Niemann, working Man
Mother: Anna Rebekka nee Karns
Godfather: Johann Heinrich Blatter
He was a in Adelaide in 1846. I do not know where Johann Heinrich and his family resided in Adelaide. There were some German families in the Klemzig area.

I have this persistent view that our Niemann family probably had relatives in Australia and maybe in South Australia.
However, I have no evidence of that except in the name !

For the record however I shall begin to gather records of Niemann families in the hope that one day a connection will be made.

From SA birth records I found the following: [ I won't record the children as that may confuse the connections ]
Birth of child : 1851 Alfred Theodore NIEMANN who was married to Hanna Harris ( d 1893)
1854 Ernst August Niemann who was married to Elizabeth Henrietta Brocklemann
1859 Johann Heinrich Niemann who was married to Anna Doietea
[ By this time 'our' Johann Heinrich was in Bendigo ]

Fredrich Nicholas Niemann born 1803
Friedrich Niemann Age 19 born Tuchheim, Prussia ( 19th Century no year)
Niemann F 1850 Arrived on the "Pauline" ( no age for him )
Niemann Wilhelm d Saddleworth SA 1868 aged 35 ( therefore born 1833 .. before SA settled )
1885 died Niemann Frederick ( Fridrich / Fridrich ) age 74 yrs ( born abt 1839 )
1885 died Gottlieb Niemann (aged 88 Adelaide born abt 1797)
1878 died Heinrich Niemann ( aged 31 born abt 1857)

Johann (John) Frederick (Fridrich / Friedrich) married to Anna Louise Schulze
Johann Died 18/1/1913 at Copperhouse, Burra SA aged 74 ( born abt 1839 )
Children:
Johann Fredrick ( John ) m Catherine Bevan 1915 ; Christian Otto b 1891 d 1916 France;
Charlotte b 1893; Esther Gertrude b 1897

I mention Christian Otto Niemann because in my research prior to visiting the Battlefields of France and Belgium I recalled seeing his name on the War Memorial at Burra SA. I then searched the Australian Defence records and found his name and his records.
I was particularly touched by a letter written by his mother. Apparently Christian Otto was first reported missing and then dead. Later however his mother received a letter from the front in France from a nephew saying that Christian Otto had been wounded and taken to hospital.
It is possible to imagine the hope she must have held for there to be an error in reporting his death. Alas her hope was in vain. ( 10th Battalion - 10/10 Infantry 3066 )
He is listed in the Cemetery at Villers-Bretonneuux d abt 25/7/1916

Maybe it is 'wishful thinking' but when searching for information on my family I regularly encounter other Niemann persons in Australia.
Some of them include: -
*The Ship "Niemann" out of Hamburg
* Captain Niemann who sailed regularly out of Adelaide in 1840's & 50's.
* Niemann families in Adelaide, Burra, Mt Gambier, Brisbane, Sydney. They were not numerous. It seems our family had few if any tangible connections by the name of Niemann in Bremen.

SA Register
January 29th, 1850. For Freight or Charter. The fine new barque PRIBISLAV, Captain Niemann, 355 tons register. Apply to N P Le Bair Hindley-streer.

The Hamburg bark SIR ISAAC NEWTON was built at Lübeck by the shipwright Hans Jacob Albrecht Meyer, for the Hamburg shipowner Robert Miles Sloman, in 1839 [Bielbrief (certificate of registry), 25 April 1839]. 149 Commerzlasten; no measurements given.

Masters:
1839-1842 - J. Wendt
1842-1844 - J. C. Wienholtz
1845-1846 - P. B. Matzen
1847-1852 - J. H. Niemann

13/12/1851 Adelaide Register
On TUESDAY, December 16. CARPENTERS' BENCHES AND TOOLS, FURNITURE, TIMBER, &c. V EDWARD MacCABE Has been' instructed by Mrs. Niemann, to sell, by public auction, at her House, Grenfell- street, opposite the Start Hotel, on Tuesday next, December 16, at 12 o'clock— - TWO CARPENTER'S BENCHES, Tools, Timber, Sofas, Chairs, Bedsteads, Crockery, Looking-glosses, Kitchen Utensils, Two Ladders, a Watch maker's Lathe, &c,, &c. V Terms, Cash

This is interesting but the date does not fit if Johann was in Melbourne in 1854. Needs to have a title check !
SA Register 11/5/1855
GRENFELL-EAST to Let for a term or otherwise, an excellent! Four roomed cottage, in capital condition. Apply to Mr Niemann, carpenter.'Grenfell-street east. 127 32

The Argus 7/4/1893
FOR LONDON < DIRECT.BLACKWALL LINE
The Fast Clipper Ship F R I F D A MAHN,
W NIEMANN, Commander, it will be Despachcd from Williamstown Railway Pier Promptly
The BLACKWALL SHIPPING Co, Agents, 129 William street J H White and Co) Johann immigrated on 28 October 1846 to Adelaide SA - on the 'Heerjeebhoy Rustomjee Patel'.^{1239,1295,1296} Arrival Notice:
Heerjeebhoy Rustomjee Patel, 510 tons, Captain Eugene Laun, from Bremen 27th June 1846, arrived at Port Adelaide, South Australia 29th October 1846

Note: Jessie Cafiso "A Niemann Family History " says the family stayed for some time in England before heading to South Australia. The ship's record suggests they sailed directly to Adelaide from Bremen. Fitz Hopfgarten from Die Maus ( Bremen Genealogy) reasied the question regarding Johann's proficiency in English as indicated from a meeeting he attended in 1847. I cannot explain that.

The South Australian Register Saturday October 31, 1846

Wednesday October 28 1848:— The Ship Heerjeebhoy Rustomjee Patel, 510 tons, Laun, Master, from Bremen. Passengers: Mr. Meyer (Merchant), Mr. Weichmein (Merchant) and wife, Mr. Wirsh (Horticulturist), Shwomberg (Ship-Builder), Mr. Richter (Farmer), Mr. Bohlmann (Machinist), wife and child, Mr Faas (Merchant), and Dr. Schumann (Surgeon), in the cabin.
Niemann Johann Heinrich n/a Joiner 1170/3 -
Tabitha Margaretha n/a
child n/a
child n/a
child n/a
child n/a
child n/a
Corrected Version courtesy of: Robert - Adelaide
Johann Heinrich          age 47
Tabitha Margaretha      age 41
Christian                       age 11
Johann August             age 10
Johann Diedrich         age    8
Lucy                               age   6   
Johann Heinrich          age  4

The following are brief notes about Adelaide at the time of the arrival of the Niemann Family:
1840s
1840: The first portion of Government House is completed, becoming the first in Australia. The Corporation of Adelaide is founded as the first municipal authority in Australia, and James Hurtle Fisher is elected mayor. An agricultural show, which will become the Royal Adelaide Show, is first held in the yard of Fordham's Hotel in Grenfell Street.
1841: Construction begins of Adelaide Gaol, and the first section is completed. The Adelaide Hospital (later Royal) is opened.
1843: The first Legislative Council building is opened on North Terrace.
1844: The colonial Government takes control of the Corporation of Adelaide.
1847: St Peter's College is established.
1848: Pulteney Grammar School is established. The Savings Bank of South Australia begins trading from a room in Gawler Place.
1849: City Commissioners are nominated to manage Adelaide.
There was at least one other 'Niemann' in SA at this time. He was Alfred Theodore Niemann who had emigrated from South Africa on the Joseph Albino 27/4/1946. I came across his name as the Keeper of the Pound south of Adelaide. I regret to suggest that his English skills are likely to be ahead of Johann Heinrich because Alfred Theodore came from South Africa.

Nevertheless I think it is a story worth listing as it encompasses a number of issies of the day.

GERMAN OPPOSITION TO THE MASTERS' AND SERVANTS' ACT. SA Register 28/4/1847

On the evening of Wednesday, the 21st instant, a meeting of Geman emigrant* was held, pursuant to advertisiemen', at the 'Hamburgh Hotel,' corner of Gawler-place. for the purpose of considering an address to the Lieut. -Governor in Council, in reference to the 19th and 20th clauses of the proposed Masters & Servants Act. The room was crowded, and Members who could not edge in endeavoured to arrange themselves within hearing, outside the doors. Mr Frederick G Pappi, merchant, having been voted into the chair, called for ' the first speaker, ?' where upon : — Dr Hubberose and congratulated his country men on the numerous attendance, whereby they had responded to an urgent call upon them to support the cause of jus tice and humanity in a very special instance. They were about to he called to exercise the privilege of petitioning, a privilege to which, il was true, they had been little accustomed to in their former home, but which became a valuable one for numbers of their countrymen who were destined to follow them to these shores hereafter. The present occasion had arisen, he regretted to say, from a proposed Act, now before the Legislative Council. That Act, known as the new Masters' and Servants' Act, pro posed to bring under its operation, agreements entered into in foreign parts between intending emigrants and colonial employers or their accredited agents in such foreign parts. They all knew what such agreements were likely to be— but he was happy to observe that his Excellency also knew ; and on the proposal being made, had altogether called in question the propriety of making such agreements binding unless they had at least been fully submitted to the approval of British Consuls. Poor foreigners his Excellency observed, might, from their utter ignorance of the state of the labour market here, be enticed to engage on terms of serious disadvantage ; and instanced the Coolies from the East Indies, and the tricks they had been subjected to in the Mauritius until the British Government had interfered for the protection of the strangers. Since then, Coolies were not allowed to engage their services until 48 h mrs after arrival, and all their arrangements were under strict controul and supervision from beginning to end. As to Pondicherry, a French settlement, the British Government had taken care to recognize no agreements unless confirmed by the British Consul in the first instance. The remarks of his Excellency, as reported by the public press, were then read to the meeting and elicited much applause. The learned gentleman then adduced some well-known in stances in which as he said, German emigrants had been as badly treated by agents in their own country as unfor tunate Coolies had been in theirs; having been deceived by trumpery promises and agreements made without British sanction and not in conformity with British regu lations. What (he would ask) would bo the position of future German emigrants if improper agents became aware that their own agreements would in tbis province acquire the force ot law, law not in accordance with British principles, but the law of the proposed Misters' and Servants' Act ? It was for the meeting to say what they thought of the measure, to say, in fact, whether they would prefer to depend for the good treatment of their countrymen and their families upon the vigilant control of British officers appointed by the public; or the tender mercies if private brokers and agents in those seaports whence they themselves had taken their departure ? If the former, they would have to address the Lieut.-Governor in Council; thus at the same lime recording their thanks to his Excellency, urging the Iabourer's right to take his labour to a fair open market and submitting facts which showed that private agree ments could not be confidently relied on. The speaker concluded by moving "That the thanks of this meeting, on behalf of themselves, and of every friend of humanity (especially such as feel for the welfare of German emigrants and the woes to which some of them have been subjected) are due to his Excellency the Lieu tenant-Governor of South Australia for his firmness and impartiality in laying down in the Legislative Council, certain principles of humanity and strict justice in reference to agreements, made in foreign parts." The voices of several seconders were drowned in the loud expressions of general approbation ; and the motion being put, was doubly carried by acclamation, and the show of hands. A draft, in German, of the memorial proposed to be presented to the Legislative Council, formed the subject af the second resolution. It contained urgent representations of the disparity of the labour market here and ia Germany, and of the raal- practices of those agents whose Agreement was proposed to render valid with no other than an ex-post-controul (?) under the Masters' and Servants* Act. A particular case having been adverted to, that of a vessel which, on the voyage from Hamburg to New Zealand, has been forced to put in at Bahia (as alleged) for the want of provisions. Mr Moller. who had been one of the emigrants on board, observed it was not exactly for want of provisions, there being plenty on board,, which the Commissioners had laid in for the emigrants ; it wag the fault of the supercargo appointed by the agent who had engaged them in Germany and who treated them like slaves, keeping them and their families half starved and refusing to deliver proper quantities of pro. visions. The British Consul in Bahia would not inter, fere, and the Hamburg Consul having taken their depo sitions at great length, went on a voyage, and, having furnished them with his paper, referred them to the British authorities in New Zealand. The sufferings of the emigrants, as might well be imagined, had been very great. The case of the Skoild was next cited. That ship sailed from Hamburg to Port Adelaide in 1840, and 42 out of 247 German emigrants had died during the the voyage. Charles Vess, who had been cook on board, stated to the meeting thnt the fearful mortality mentioned had not been occasioned by bad provision, but might be attributed to the fact, that when the emigrants were taken on board disease was already prevalent amongst them. Dr Hubbe observed this made the case no better ; but what would be said as to the water ? Charles Voss, being questioned by the Chairman, re - plied that the water was certainly bad, owing to some unexplained defect or unfitness in the casks; and the ship was crowded. These extraneous discussions having ended, the draft was agreed to ; but many voices demanded additions, touching upon particular grievances'. Hr. Niemann strongly enjoined the duty of providing proper shelter for newly-arrived emigrants, and said supplies of good provisions ought to be in readiness, to be . supplied to them at market prices. The same speaker deprecated the ' truck system,' and others said emigrants ought to be protected against the violence used by some commanders on ship-board, the curtailment of provisions after arrival, &c, &c. Mr Niemann then moved the following:—' That labourers having agreed in Germany, in ignorance of the real state of the market, at rates quite disproportionate to it, have thereby incurred much unpleasant feeling and just reproach from their English fellow- labourers : a consequence fraught with invidious distinctions to which,as free men, they ought not to be exposed.' This was seconded, and unanimously carried. A committee of seven was then appointed lo see the memorial prepared, rendered into English, and pre sented: when ? -

A vote of thanks to the Chairman having been carried unanimously, the meeting terminated. The Pictorial Times, of Oct. 17, 1846, has the following amongst its notices to correspondents :— '- H. Mithngton—' Native gold, in a state of great purity, has been discovered in New South Wales, in the North Montacute Mine of the Victoria Mining Company, the Shares in which, since the discovery, have been sold at an advance of nine hundred per cent.' The Pictorial Times is generally well-informed, but as respects South Australia, or the older Australian province of New South Wales, the illustrated journal above-named participates in the unaccount able ignorance of many of its contemporaries— one of whom has recently expressed his surprise at a fact which has long been obvious to all who choose to become acquainted with Australian statistics— vizt,. that South Australia is to- all intents and purposes a prosperous and self-supporting colony. , He was naturalized on 30 December 1848 in South Australia [1862ER].¹²⁹⁷ Johann obviously decided to become Naturalised very soon after his arrival in South Australia. This is consistent with what we know of his life in Australia; he made Australia home and it seems embraced the dominant British culture. An example is the fact that after his arrival the family ceased to speak German and the youngest child never learnt the language according to Jessie Cafisso. However, it seems at least one of the schools established in Bendigo taught German & French. Johann Heinrich Niemann's children, Diedrich & Lucy were educated at Pulteney Grammar, Adelaide in 1850 PULTENEY-STREET SCHOOLS. SA Register 18th December 1850
[ A family Gem ! ........ I have reproduced this in full simply because it is of both family and South Australian historical significance. It is indeed true that the Niemann children attended a Grammar school and one that in name at least is in existence to this day - 1911 ]
Read on .... to the end !!

The third annual examination of this important institution was held yesterday in the schoolroom, which was tastefully decorated with flags and evergreens for the occasion. All around the walls were hung banners, on which were inscribed different texts from Scripture and moral aphorisms, while over the entrance and the plat form were affixed the motto of ' Advance Australia.' facing the old salutation ?* A merry Christmas.' Be neath the large maps presented by the National Society of Ireland to the Bishop, and the engravings of different objects of natural history which usually grace tho aides of the spacious room, the specimens of the childrens' writing and the girls' needle-work occupied a conspicuous place, and excited the warm approbation of all the visitors. * Although not ourselves very competent to form an opinion on the merits or demerits of works of the needle, we were assured by some lady friends present that tho execution both of the fancy and plain work was admirable, and we were not sorry to see that, notwithstanding the pains which has undoubtedly been bestowed upon forming among tho pupils a good and clear handwriting, but little time has been devoted to mere ornamental penmanship. On the platform we noticed his Excellency the Governor and Lady Young, the Lord Bishop, the very Rev. Dean Farrell, Revs. Woodcock, Wilson, Allom, Miller (the master of the school), and Platts, Dr Wyatt, Messrs Adams. Burton, (tho second master). May, Pepper, Symonds, Stocks, and Wood ; and Mesdames Dutton, McDermott, Miller, Stocks, and Wyatt. In the body of the room were about 20 of the scholars of the Collegiate School, who seemed to watch the proceedings with great interest We also observed a large number of the friends of education, relatives of the pupils, &c, &c. In tho centre were the children attending the school, of both sexes, amounting to about 100 boys and 50 girls : their appearance was most intelligent and respectable, and their behaviour exem plary. The discipline of the whole school was admirable, and seemed to be kept up rather by the principle of love than that of fear. The examination was conducted by the Bishop, assisted by the Rev. Messrs Miller and Wilson, and comprised Scripture History, Grammar, Geography, Mental Arithmetic, and Spelling. The pupils acquitted them selves very creditably, especially considering the rather abstruse nature of some of the questions put by his Lordship. Probably, after all, a public viva voce examination is not a very fair way of testing a child's knowledge, as those who are really the most intelligent are at the same time frequently the most diffident in the presence of strangers. T he readiness and correctness with which some rather difficult questions on mental arithmetic were answered by the first class showed the attention which had been paid to that useful, though too often neglected, branch of study. Not only for its extensive use in the ordinary concerns of life, but for the powers of analysis which it exercises, does it deserve to be made an object of paramount importance in all school where the higher branches of mathematics are not taught. The examinations were interspersed with several pieces of music, tastefully sung by the pupils, although we could have wished a little more animation thrown into tho National Anthem. At their termination, the Bishop delivered the following prizes, awarded by a reference to the proficiency throughout the whole year, and the results of the examination papers : — First Class — For Greatest General Attainment. — A writing desk, value .£2 2s. (presented by Captain Allen), to Chas B. Oanham). The competition for this prize has extended over the whole year, an examination having been held every six weeks. Tho result of the whole was in favour of Canham as above, but by one question only. Greatest General Improvement. — Belt's Atlas value £1 Is. (presented by the Lord Bishop of Adelaide), to George F. Witt Scriptural Knowledge — First prize, Bible and Prayer Book (presented by J. Adams, Esq ). to William Semple; second prize, Dawn of Reformation (pre sented by John Adams, Esq ), to William Donaldson. Geography. — First prize, Telemachus ( presented by F. S. Dutton. Esq.), to James Scandrett ; secoud prize, History French Revolution (presented by the Trustees), to William Donaldson. Grammar. — First prize, Nubia and Abyssinia (pre sented by the Rev. F. Platt) to William Semple ; second prize, Memorials of Early Gcuiu3 (presented by the Trustee*) to Thomas Norris. Arithmetic. — First prize, Mesopotamia and Syria (presented by Mr C. W. May) to Francis Hill ; second prize, Early Genius (presented by the Trustees) to Edmund Baker. Spelling and composition. — History of the Christian Church ('presented by S. Stocks, Esq.), to James Scandrett. Writing. — First prize, Perils and Adventnres (pre sented by Mr Pepper) to William Heritage ; second prize. Nelson's British Library (presented by the Trustees) to Joseph S. F. Rainsford. Second Class for General Progress — First prize, Alfred Grower ; second prize, John Colby ; third prize, Fredk. Bown. Second Class, Second Division. — First prize, Frederick Emery ; second prize, George Giles ; third prize, Charles Taylor. Third Cias?, First Division.— First prize, Walter Rogers ; second prize, George Handby ; third prize, Henry Moore. Third Class. Second Division. — First prize, William Brady ; second prize, S. Reid ; third prize, W. B. RounsevelL Fourth Class.— -First prise, Win. Perkins ; second prize, Robert Mills ; third prize, James Taylor. Second class, first division, George Hill ; second class, second division, II. Emery; third class, first division, Walter Rogers ; third class, second division, Joseph Seers. Monitors. — First prize. History of Rome, G. F. Witt ; second prize, History of Greece, William Semple ; third prize, Anecdotes of Napoleon, Francis Hill ; fourth prize, History of Jerusalem, James Scandrett ; fifth prize, Paul and Virginia, lidward Baker ; sixth prize. Paul and Virginia, R. P. Hill ; seventh prize, Life and Times of Columbus, Wm. J. Murphy ; eighth prize, Life and and Times of Columbus, Deidrich Niemann. Good Conduct. — Goldsmith's Animated Nature, illustrated (presented by Captain Allen) to George Perry. The following were distributed by Lady Young to the girls :— First Class. For Greatest General Attainments. — A Morocco pa petrie, value £2 2s. (presented by Capt. Allen), to Mary Johnston. Greatest General Improvement. — Church-service (by Lady Young), to Emma Watson. Good Conduct. — Juvenile Scrap-book (by Capt. Allen), to Elizabeth Johnston. Scriptural Knowledge. — First prize, a Morocco Bible and Prayer-book (by M rs Adams), to Jane Dymond ; se cond prize, Cowper's Poems (by the Trustees), to Ca roline Rosa Emery. Geography. — Sandford and Merton (by F. S. Dut ton, Eiq.), to Mary Townsend, Grammar. — Beauties of British Poets (by Rev. E. K. Miller), to Jane Dymond. Arithmetic. — Incidents of Missionary Euterprize (by Rev. W. J. Woodcock), to Mary Ann Cate. Spelling and Composition.— First prize, Christian Gleaner (by »V'. Wyatt, Esq.). to Jane Dymond ; se cond prize, Stories for Little People (by the Trustees), to Jane Hill. Second Class. For General progress. — 1st prize, Mary Johns ; 2nd do., Emma Murphy ; 3rd do., Emma Moore. Third Class 1st prize, Marie Marygraft; 2nd do., Ellen Hardi man ; 3rd do., Lucy Niemann. Needlework. — 1st prize, writing-desk (by Mrs Adams), M. A. Cate ; 2nd do., a work-box (by Mrs Adams), Mary Townsend ; 3nl do., Lady's Companion (by Mrs Miller), Anne Pike; -ith do., do. (by Trustees), M. A. Johns ; 5th co., case of crotchet needles (by Trustees), to Anne Gee ; 6:h do., do. (by Trustees), Ellen Hardiman ; 7th do., crotchet needle (by Trustees, c». nunucucn ; nm uu., uu. ^uy Eliza Delano.
The Lord Bishop expressed his feelings of approbation at the state of the school, and in doing so, only echoed, he believed, the sentiments of every individual present. He trusted that the important truths learnt within the walls of that school would exercise an important influence on the future conduct of the scholars. For every talent given by God, an account would be required. To them was given a good education, and the knowledge of their Creator ; and well would it be if they could say in after years like the saint in the O!d Testament, ' In my youth I knew the Lord.' Their kind friend, Mr Adams, who was always exerting himself in their behalf, had prepared some refreshment for them, and intended to do still greater things on Thursday, at the grounds of the Collegiate School. He hoped they would all meet there, and spend the day in health and happiness. After three cheers, the boys left the school-room for an ante-room, where a plentiful supply of buns was afforded them, and shortly afterwards the rest of the company retired. We understand that the Committee hope, through the liberality of Captain Allen, to be shortly in a position, to erect another building of the same dimensions as the present, together with a residence for the master and mistress. Between 1854 and 1886 he was a Cabinet maker, mine owner and boarding house keeper.¹²⁹⁸ Niemann is included with the nine other successful pioneer reefers in Bendigo during the quartz era in the 1860's, ; F Cussack's book 'Bendigo a History'' Johann died on 22 June 1886 at the age of 86 in Eaglehawk Vic. It is worth noting that Johann Heinrich died after four of his children. The last for whom I do not have a death date. He was buried on 24 June 1886 in Eaglehawk Vic. Bendigo Cemetery Trust advised (2010) that in addition to Johann Heinrich & Johann Conrad, there was a Roseanna EYRE buried in the grave 1st June 1904.
I cannot find any family connection; it was probably a family favour.
The "right of burial" was normally passed down to the surviving eldest who would have given permission for her to be buried in that grave.

Janine Jones found the following record:
Eyre Rosanna [ assumed her married name ]
Death
Father: Boland Michael Mother: Esther Donnellan
Place: Eaglehawk Year: 1904
Reg No: 4713
Grave : Grave Mon A2 Grave 242 [Photo]¹²⁹⁹ He was . According to Fritz Hopfgarten from Die Maus ( Bremen Genealogy ), Johann Heinrich was a Guild Master in Bremen; a person with a high level of skill in his field as a 'Cabinet maker'. The Guild organisation also carried a level of status. A Guild is variously described as being something like a Union and / or a secret society. Feb 2011 Parents: Franz Wilhelm NIEMANN-51 and Anna Rebecca KÖRNS (NIEMANN) (FECK GNT. FINKE )-52.

Spouse: Tobete Margrete OSTERMANN (NIEMANN)-50. Tobete Margrete OSTERMANN (NIEMANN) and Johann HEINRICH NIEMANN^1300,1301 were married on 22 January 1833 in GERMANY - Bremen - Groplingen 'in the home of the Bride's parents.¹³⁰² Included in the Media items is a copy of the original certificate and also a translation which could now be open to further interpretation as there is some additional information regarding Bremen, the Niemann's etc. [ the bride's father Johann August Ostermann was a School Teacher not the Mayor as claimed by Jessie Cafiso in the Niemann family history ] They¹³⁰² lived in Adelaide SA in 1846. Jessie Cafiso "A Niemann Family History" 1986, indicates that the family remained in Adelaide for eight years. Johann continued his trade as a Cabinet maker / carpenter and the children attended the Church of England Grammar School.
There is no indication of where they resided in Adelaide.

With the discovery of gold in Victoria the state of South Australia was almost bankrupted by the fact that its citizens left the state, taking with them their skills and capital. The book "Bendigo, The German Chapter" edited by Frank Cusack includes a reference to a South Australian agency which provided a police escort to return gold to Adelaide which was found by the former South Australian's who planned to return. Indeed a few made their fortune and returned to purchase land and businesses.

Jessie goes on to say that they trekked to Victoria in two wagons in 1852. However, it seems they went first to Melbourne and established a carting business. They lived at California Gully, in a brick house with tent next door in Bendigo Vic about 1854. There is some dispute concerning the year Johann Heinrich Niemann and his family moved to the Bendigo Goldfields.
The earliest records found by myself ( Trent Niemann) list 1861 - not for arrival but for residence etc.
Jessie Cafiso found a marriage reference which indicates that they were in Victoria (Melbourne ) at least by 1854.

" Independent Chapel, Collins St., Melbourne
Bronemann marriage - 15//6/1854
Lutheran Minister - Rev. Matthais Goethe
Witnesses Johann Heinrich Niemann, Meta Niemann
Address - 92-99 Stephen Street, Carlton
Occupation - Drayman"

This information concurs with the claim that Johann's Landau carriage was used by the Governor Sir Charles Hotham in 1854 on his visit to Bendigo. "Bendigo The German Chapter " also mentions the governor's visit.

The building of the Rail line to Bendigo commenced in 1858. This would have doomed the carting business.
It seems likely the family moved to Bendigo by 1858. The reason for this is the marriage of their daughter Lucy to Thomas Devine, in Bendigo in mid 1858.

Family Arrival in Australia
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~leadbeater/passengerlists/

NIEMANN Johann Heinrich, wife Tabita Mgtha, 5 ch (inc Fried August, Ernst August?) arrived 1846-10-28 on Heerjeebhoy Rustomjee Patel from Bremen 1846-06-27 [4,6,7]

The above is further confirmation of the Niemann's arrival. The parents, number of children, the time-line and the voyage origin. However, the note " (inc Fried August, Ernst August? ) [ not my question mark ] is a little concerning because none of their children were Fried ... (Friedrich, is assumed), or Ernst August.

After their time in Adelaide they journeyed to Melbourne
There is a story that they arrived on the 'Red Jacket' in Melbourne 1858. This gives rise to the story that Thomas Devine was on the same ship, fell in love with Lucy and married her 24 hours after they landed. This seems rather spurious but not to be totally dismissed as often these stories end up being more than a grain of truth.

The Niemann Family history book written by Jessie Cafiso provides a comprehensive setting for our Niemann's in Bendigo. [ There was at least one other Niemann family].

The historical text 'Bendigo the German Chapter' does however provide some additional insight into the German involvement. Indeed Germans were the third largest group on the Gold fields and it is suggested numbered as many as 20,000. It is also claimed there were 'six to eight thousand Diggers from South Australia' .P 14
'Sponsored migration with agents or sponsors operating out of Sydney, Melbourne or Adelaide with counterparts in Bremen or Hamburg were customary' P 13 'Bendigo the German Chapter

Trent Niemann's comments:
As I have moved around Australia following the path of my various families I have been both amazed and intrigued how the families bring history to life. As a current resident (2006) of the Barossa Valley in South Australia, the German history in that area is 'on every corner'. Until my recent visit to Bendigo I was not aware of the German connection between South Australia and Bendigo. Miners moved around the diggings in Kapunda S.A., Bendigo & Ballarat and even to New Zealand. Later as was the case for my family some moved from those fields to Broken Hill NSW and other mining centres.
'Most Germans, however , reaching the NSW & Victorian Goldfields from the 1850's onward were displaced rural workers or artisans and rarely affluent'. P 12 The German Chapter
However, as a far as I am aware Johann Heinrich only lived and worked in Adelaide before moving to Victoria.

The German contribution is not as strongly evident in present day Bendigo. However, it is there with a little 'digging below the surface'.
There are parallels to South Australia too. The wine industry was emerging in Bendigo until it was virtually wiped out by disease.
Our family, did not come from 'Mining stock' but some were converted to it, which was true of my immediate family.
A number of my family perished, directly or indirectly as a result of mining itself or the conditions that existed in mining centres. 'a major hazard then, as now was dust' [silicosis]
I have also been intrigued by the lack of German tradition and traits in my immediate family, especially when compared to some of the German enclaves, such as the Barossa Valley.
I taught in such an enclave in the SA mallee and my family 'tradition' had almost nothing in common with the families there.
When I discovered that my Great Grandfather married an Irish Catholic (Nolan) I was surprised because in other settlements the German groups married within the group. The book Bendigo the German Chapter, provided some enlightenment in this regard. 'Marriage outside of the community [German] does not appear to have been frowned upon or to have been the grounds for ostracism, though probably in the early years, marriage within the community or within an ethnic counterpart was to be preferred' P 139
Jessie Cafiso indicates that English became the first language of the Niemann family, and indeed the younger children never learnt German. In Adelaide the children attended a Church of England Grammar school. It seems therefore the Niemann's took a conscious decision to adopt the predomionant culture of their new home. None of the family returned to Germany ... but then again none made their fortune from the diggings.
The Niemann's held mining leases. Once again 'The German Chapter' provides evidence of this;
Johann Heinrich Niemann 'owned Cinderella mine, Long Gully, for a number of years. The following records are also provided:(P 256)
Niemann Christian Typo Co. 16/9/1868 80 yards
Niemann Christian New Chance Co. 22/4/1869 320 yds 'Flyblow'
Niemann J. Allot 4 Alley St. 24/11/1870 1/4 Acre
Niemann Johann D Fortuna Co. 27/3/1865 80 yds 'Pringles'
Niemann Johann D Fortuna Co. 3/7/1865 80 Yds 'Pringles'
Niemann Johann D Fortuna Co. 27/3/1865 80 Yds 'Pringles'
Niemann John A Fortuna Co 3/7/1865 80 Yds 'Pringles'
Niemann John A Solo co. 25/10/1869 63x108 'Britannia'
Niemann John A Solo Co. 25/10/1869 63v108 'Britannia'
Niemann John A. Ironbark (Whites) 26/6/1871 1/2 Acre 'Ironbark'
Niemann John Allot 16 Sec 51c 1/9/1871 1/4 Acre Off Violet St.

There is no record or evidence that the Niemanns made any successful finds, nor whether Johann Diedrich Conrad, my Great Grandfather died as a result of working in his own or the mines of others. Apparently Silicosis was bad enough but when compounded by T.B. it was certain death.

It seems that as the family grew and subsequently branched and moved to many parts of Australia, little effort was made to maintain extended connections; although it was not easy to keep in contact and people were busy making their own lives and families in frequently difficult environments.
As a child my family holidays included Bendigo, but I have no recollection of any meetings with extended family.

The following are some items found by chance 'along the way' in researching the family. There is always a hope that something without apparent usefulness will one day emerge as a 'gem' !

Sat --- 24 1886 New Zealand Nelson Evening Mail
(Easter) RAWSON, 11 Ap, Motueka, wife of A P Rawson, a son
CLARKE, 22 Ap, Parsonage, Collingwood, wife of Rev A P Clarke, a daughter
GREEN - NIEMANN, 21 Ap, Spring Grove, Felix Matthew, youngest son of William Green, Richmond, to Mary Jane, only daughter of the late Ferdinand Niemann of Spring Grove

Immigrant Ships
Transcribers Guild
Bark Creole

Bremen, Germany to Galveston, Texas
8 July 1852
DISTRICT OF TEXAS – PORT OF GALVESTON
List of Passengers which arrived at the Port of Galveston, the District of Texas during the quarter ending September 30th, 1852

70 Conrad Niemann 42 M Mason 71 Maria Niemann 44 F 72 Friedrich Niemann 16 M 73 Carl Niemann 11 M 74 Sophie Niemann 6 F

New Zealand Shipping Nov 22nd 1866 - probably no relation
The cutter Petrel, Niemann, master, sailed yesterday for Coromandel, with 14 passengers, <&o.

Children were: Johann August "the first named" NIEMANN-5395, Christian NIEMANN-55, Johannn August "John" NIEMANN-56, Johann Diedrich Conrad NIEMANN-26, Lucy NIEMANN (DEVINE) ( WINSTANLEY)-57, Johann Heinrich "John Henry" NIEMANN Jr-58.

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ourstuff/claims_to_voteChA-E.htm
The above is a web site which lists residents of Christchurch "Claims to Vote, Electoral district of Christchurch for the year 1963" John Henry is ASSUMED ( a calculated guess), to have died before 1942 in AUSTRALIA - possibly Parents: Johann HEINRICH NIEMANN-49 and Tobete Margrete OSTERMANN (NIEMANN)-50.

Spouse: Hariett Lucy UNWIN (NIEMANN)-2155. Hariett Lucy UNWIN (NIEMANN) and Johann Heinrich "John Henry" NIEMANN Jr were married on 31 March 1864 in NEW ZEALAND - Christchurch - St Michael's Church. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ourstuff/claims_to_voteChA-E.htm
The above is a refenence to a William Unwin of Salisbury St. Christchurch who "Claims to vote Electoral district of Christchurch for the year 1863" There is no evidence that this person is related to Hariett Lucy Unwin.

Thank you for you enquiry. I have looked up the Mariage Register for the date of this marriage and unfortuantely I am unable to tell you very little more. This is because New Zealand did not require the names of the parents to be included on the mariage entry until the 1880's.
The register does however show that both the parties signed their names, and that Harriet was a minor - i.e. under age. The officiating Minister was Henry Jacobs and Sarah Hobson of Christchurch and John B Hobson of Christchurch, Law Clerk were the witnesses.

If you wish to make contact with the Presbyterian archivists in Dunedin, type Presbyterian Archives+ New Zealand into Google and the contact infromation can be found from the web site which will turn up.
I hope this helps you in your research.
Yours sincerely
Jane
They lived in FIJI - Lekuva in 1873. Melbourne Argus 3/12/1873 - Fiji via Auckland NZ
It has been assumed he was in Fiji with his family but this is the first piece of evidence regarding this fact.
It has generally been assumed that Fiji is not a grape-growing country. The contrary has, however, been proved in Taviuni by Mr. Niemann, who has now bunches of grapes, yet unripened, upon his vines, which are 8in, in length.

GOVERNMENT NOTICES. Sydney morning Herald 16/11/1875
Notices .-Persons not resident in the colony of FIJI, and claiming an interest in LANDS in that colony by virtue of or under any lease originally obtained from -,i*ny nnlivo of such colony prior to its cession to Great ' Britain, is hereby required to forward n statement of the , particulars of such leasehold to tho Office of the Commissioner of Lands at Levuka, on or before tho 31st day of January, 1876.

(Signed) CHARLES MITCHELL,

Lands Commissioner

Lands Office, Levuka, Fiji, 25th October, 1875.

Unwin and Niemann, Ura Taviuni Unwin and Niemann Nakou Waiawau and Waitavu Ovalau
Children were: Harriett Laura NIEMANN (SPENCE)-2156, Lucy Annie NIEMANN (THOMAS)-2157.